Basics of computer network.

Basics of computer networks.

Computer network is an interconnection of two or more computing devices using either wire or wireless media. In every computer network, there are hardware and software that connects computer and tools. The essential components of computer networks are switches, routers, Hub, servers, printer, PC, Firewall, mobile, tablet etc.

Fundamental Terms of Computer Networks.

• A network is a group of interconnected computers and devices that facilitate data sharing and communication.
  
  
• Nodes: Devices that connect to a network are known as nodes. These may include computers, servers, printers, routers, switches, and other devices.
• Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that regulate how data is sent across a network. TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP are a few examples of protocols.
• Topology: Network topology refers to how nodes are physically and logically arranged on a network. The most typical network topologies are tree, star, bus, ring, and mesh.
• Networks of Service Providers: These networks permit the leasing of network capacity and functionality from the provider. Data carriers, wireless communications, and other services are included in service provider networks.
• IP Address: Each network device has its own unique numerical identifier known as an IP address. Devices are identified by their IP addresses, which also allow them to communicate with one another.
• Firewall: A firewall is a security mechanism that regulates and monitors network traffic coming and going. Firewalls are used to shield networks from illegal access and other security risks.

What is the mechanism behind a computer network?

Nodes and links make up the fundamental components of a computer network. A Network Node may be thought of as data transmission equipment, such as a modem, router, etc., or as data terminal equipment, such as a connection between two or more computers. Links in computer networks can be made up of cables, wires, or the open air of wireless networks. operation of Computer Networks may be defined as rules or protocols that facilitate data transmission and reception across the connections that enable computer network communication. The IP Address of each device facilitates identification.

 What is the purpose of computer networks?

1. The earliest computer networks were developed in 1950 for military and defined applications. At that time, their primary usage was for sending data via telephone lines, and they were not widely employed in industry or research.
2. Nowadays, computer networks are just as vital for businesses. Today's networks do more than simply connect devices. They are essential in assisting firms in thriving and adjusting to the digital era. These networks have grown more flexible, automated, and secure, making them even more vital in the contemporary commercial world.
3. The Client-Server Architecture is a form of Computer Network Architecture in which Nodes may be either Clients or Servers. The behavior of the Client Node may be managed by the Server Node in this instance.
4. Peer-to-Peer Architecture: The idea of a Central Server does not exist in P2P (Peer-to-Peer) Architecture. Every device can function as a server or client for no cost. 

Types of network:

Local Area Network (LAN)

The Local Area Network (LAN) is a link of two or more computing devices such as cables, switches, routers, servers etc. Share a common Ethernet cables and Wireless link to a server, limited in a small geographical area. LAN connection of global network. The applications of LAN are Wi-Fi, Internet etc.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

The Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network of computing devices covers a large geographical area. By using WAN, we can transmit file such as Image, Video and Audio etc. Over a long distance and among different LANs and MANs. The application of WAN include Internet, ATM machines etc.

Network Topology.

The physical or logical arrangement or connection of computing devices or nodes used in a network is known as Network Topology. There are basically six types of network topology. Which are as follows: 

1) Bus Topology: Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all the computers or computing devices are connected by a single cable. Hence, it is also termed as a line topology.

2) Star Topology: In this configuration, every device is connected to a single hub or switch, which is the central point. Data transmission between devices is managed by the hub. If one device fails, the remainder of the network is unaffected. But if the central hub breaks down, the entire network fails.

3) Ring Topology: In ring topology, devices are linked in a circle, with each device connected to two others. Data travels in one direction (or occasionally both) across each device until it reaches its destination. A problem with one device might have an impact on the entire network.

4) Mesh Topology: Mesh topology is a type of network topology in which each and every computer are connected together. Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.

5) Tree Topology: The tree topology is a fusion of star and bus topology. The tree topology is effective for structuring huge networks and facilitates simple growth.

6) Hybrid Topology: A hybrid topology combines two or more distinct topologies (such star and mesh). It is adaptable and may be adjusted to fit the particular requirements of the network.

Network Protocols.

1. At each layer of the OSI model, there is a distinct protocol defined. A protocol is a set of guidelines or algorithms that specify how two parties can communicate over the network. TCP, IP, UDP, ARP, DHCP, FTP, etc. are some of these protocols.
   
   
2. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the fundamental protocol suite of the Internet, allows for secure communication. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HTTPS: HTTP and HTTPS are the protocols used to send web pages. HTTP communication is not secure, whereas HTTPS utilizes SSL/TLS encryption to provide secure communication.
3. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): The protocol used for sending emails. SMTP is compatible with other email retrieval methods like POP3 and IMAP.
4. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): the protocol used to transfer files between computers, including commands for uploading, downloading, and managing files on a distant server.
5. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): The DHCP protocol assigns IP addresses to devices on a network automatically, minimizing IP address conflicts and manual setup.

Why use computer network?

The modern world depends heavily on computer networks. Here are some followings essential points of computer networks:

1. Quick and Simple Communication: Networks facilitate all forms of digital communication, including email, messaging, file sharing, video chat, and streaming.
2. More Storage Space: Data must be stored in physical files that will take up physical space if we don't have cloud storage; hence, a computer network offers a place to store data.
3. Information is shared more easily: Networks facilitate resource and information sharing between teams and individuals. Users may anticipate a quicker response from network devices, and teams may work together more seamlessly.
4. Improved Security: Well-designed networks offer businesses greater flexibility in protecting their data and are generally more dependable. They include integrated security measures such encryption and access restrictions to safeguard confidential data from cyberattacks.

 Conclusion.

In today's interconnected environment, a fundamental understanding of computer networking is crucial. Networks are the foundation of the internet's functionality; they facilitate the smooth transfer of information and support a wide range of uses. A thorough knowledge of these concepts, ranging from various network types and their components to protocols and security measures, is essential for anybody working in or with technology. The complexity and capabilities of computer networks will increase along with the advancement of technology, making ongoing learning and adaptation essential.